County Elections Explained: What Positions Are Being Filled and Why They Matter

By Max Scheinblum-Granite State News Collaborative


With much of New Hampshire’s political attention on elections for state and local offices,, it’s easy to forget about the county officials sandwiched between them. There are a host of elected offices in each of New Hampshire’s 10 counties.

“County government, I would say, serves needs that are greater than the resources of individual municipalities to serve.” said Wendy Piper, the president of the New Hampshire Association of Counties and first-term Grafton County commissioner.

Piper explained commissioners’ key responsibilities include running the county nursing home and the county jail. These facilities are among the most expensive to run in the state, she said, and commissioners approve budgets and oversee operations. Piper noted how the county looks out for two of New Hampshire’s most vulnerable populations: the incarcerated and Medicaid-eligible people in need of long term care.

County commissioners are also in charge of approving various other bureaucratic processes, like an employee handbook, and also oversee the land, building and personnel of the county government building. A majority vote is necessary to pass anything, and most officials hold weekly or bi-weekly meetings to deliberate and decide, according to Piper. 

Unlike almost all other elected offices in the state, a county commissioner serves a four-year term instead of the typical two. But only one of the commissioners serves four years at a time, and the district which holds the four-year seat rotates every statewide election year. This  county-by-county guide outlines which commissioner is elected when and for how long, helping avoid any calendar confusion.

Commissioners also facilitate funding and operations for other elected county officials. Those positions are each two-year terms and include county sheriff, county attorney, county treasurer, register of probate and register of deeds.

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

City Council vs. Selectboard: What’s the Difference and What Do They Do?

Gabriel Perry/The Laconia Daily Sun

The city council is the principal legislative body of a municipality that has a city charter. It is charged with primary responsibility of all local legislation through the development and passage of ordinances through written resolution. 

City councils are generally charged with regulating all matters of city governance and are usually composed of individuals who represent a ward or district within a municipality, although a specific number of councilors may be elected at-large. The size of city councils vary — Laconia, New Hampshire has six city councilors, one for each ward, while Franklin, New Hampshire has nine, for example. 

Councils are usually led by the mayor, who is the chief executive of a city. The mayor and council usually direct the city manager, who is the chief administrative officer, to administer legislation and other municipal efforts or directives through command of the city’s departments, such as police, fire, public works and planning, among others. The city manager has the right to participate in discussion of all matters before the city council but does not have a vote. In many cases, the mayor does not vote on legislation unless there is a tie among city councilors. 

A principal duty of a city council is to develop and pass a city budget each fiscal year, taking into account the community’s needs and its financial capabilities. Some communities have adopted tax caps, which restrict the amount of funds to be raised through property taxes, but not all cities have a tax cap. 

The city council is generally responsible for developing and enacting city ordinances and approving the use and care of city property. Councilors’ term lengths may vary from city to city — in Laconia, New Hampshire, city councilors serve two-year terms and are elected by the constituents who live in each ward. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. All elected officials take office in the month of January following their election. Other communities may have terms of varying lengths, to ensure that the council will have some veteran hands who can explain prior decisions. 

Beyond appropriating city funds and developing city ordinances, councilors are tasked with general oversight of city departments and their operations, appointing members of boards, commission and committees, and providing services to serve the public. 

Town government selectboards are similar to city councils but differ in a few key ways. A selectboard is a traditional and common form of the executive branch of a municipal government and is common in smaller communities. Selectboards generally perform many of the same functions as city councils, with guidance from voters at an annual town meeting.

In New Hampshire, many municipalities call a “town meeting” each year where all registered voters consider proposals on the “town warrant” — the annual town government budget, election of town officers, and major projects and purchases. The meeting is usually exactly that, an occasion when voters gather in one place to make decisions. However, residents of some communities have decided to move town meeting proposals to a written ballot, where they are decided in an election. The selectboard is generally responsible for calling the annual town meeting and preparing items for the town warrant, although townspeople and organizations can request that items be added to the warrant for voter consideration.. 

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

What does the executive council do?

By Gabriel Perry, Laconia Daily Sun

Intro

New Hampshire isn’t the only state that incorporates an Executive Council into its executive branch of government — Massachusetts does as well — but the version operating in the Granite State is unique and wields significant influence over the long-term vision and yearly operations of the state government. 

What do executive councilors do?

The Executive Council, part of what’s often referred to as the “Governor and Executive Council,” is a five-member body charged with assisting the governor in the execution of his or her duties in coordination with state agencies. In Massachusetts, the executive council is purely an advisory body to the governor, but in New Hampshire, it works with the governor and shares duties and responsibilities. 

Executive councilors have the duty and authority to administer the operations of the state of New Hampshire according to the state Constitution, New Hampshire state law and opinions rendered by the state Supreme Court and attorney general in collaboration with the elected governor.

The council and governor appoint individuals to fill many vacant positions within state government, including judges, agency directors and commissioners, and the state attorney general. Uniquely, the Executive Council has veto power against actions taken by the governor. 

Executive councilors have a lot of influence regarding the state’s long-term development because they award state contracts, one of their primary responsibilities. 

Each state department or agency is required to seek councilors’ approval of receipt and expenditure of state and federal funds, budgetary transfers within the department, and personal service contracts with a value of $10,000 and all contracts with a value of $10,000. They approve, to a large extent, use of the money appropriated by the state Legislature each year. 

What’s the electoral process?

Executive councilors serve two-year terms, just as the governor does. Each of the five executive councilors represent a district, and each district has about one-fifth of the state population. A candidate for the executive council must be at least 30 years old, a registered voter, and domiciled in New Hampshire for at least seven years. A candidate must live in the district he or she wants to represent. 

This year’s races

In District 1, Joseph Kenney (R) is running for reelection. Emmett Soldati is seeking the Democratic nomination in the primary election.  

District 2 Councilor Cinde Warmington, the only Democrat on the Executive Council, is running for governor this fall. Four candidates have filed for the District 2 seat.

In District 3, Republican Janet Stevens is seeking reelection. Democrat Jon Morgan is seeking his party’s nomination. 

District 4 Councilor Theodore Gatsas, a Republican, announced his intention to retire and is not running again. One Democrat and six Republicans have filed for the seat. 

In District 5, incumbent Republican Dave Wheeler is seeking reelection. Democrats Shoshanna Kelly and Melanie Levesque are seeking their party’s primary nomination. 

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

What is a New Hampshire governor’s job?

By Max Scheinblum-Granite State News Collaborative


The job of New Hampshire governor is largely like that of any other state. Propose a budget, sign or veto bills and be the “face” of the state, among various other duties. 

But New Hampshire’s chief executive position comes with one catch: the Executive Council. 

A few other states have similar set-ups, but their councils are largely advisory. New Hampshire’s, on the other hand, has significant authority within the executive branch. Its five members each represent a district in New Hampshire and vote on the governor’s state agency and judicial nominations, pardons and have to approve any government contract over $10,000.

“So, with that, it makes it very difficult for governors of New Hampshire to actually be truly a full-power chief executive,” said Tama Andrews, a political science professor at the University of New Hampshire. “And they get to deal with the second-largest legislative body in the United States, which is [New Hampshire’s] state legislature, and it's 424 members.”

“Like, who would want to be doing this?” she added.

Another power sapper is the two-year term limit for the role, meaning the governorship is up for grabs every even-numbered  year. New Hampshire and Vermont are the only states with two-year gubernatorial terms, and candidates in each can run as many times as they want - something 37 states cannot say. But the Executive Council and shorter term length make New Hampshire’s chief executive among the least powerful in the country. So, Andrews said, they must be calculated in how they use the power of the position to get things done. 

Some of their duties, which the  New Hampshire Constitution outlines, are more formal and procedural – like the ability to call a special legislative session during the offseason. Others are more a measure of the governor’s standing within their party and the country, like how effectively they lobby the federal government for things like natural disaster aid. Andrews noted current Gov. Chris Sununu was very effective at using both types of power.

But he is ending his record-tying fourth term this year and not seeking reelection, leaving a wide-open gubernatorial field for the first time since 2016. Kelly Ayotte, the former New Hampshire attorney general and U.S. Senator, picked up Sununu’s endorsement in her campaign against Chuck Morse, the former N.H. Senate president, for the Republican party nomination for governor on November’s ballot.

On the Democratic side, former Manchester Mayor Joyce Craig, Cinde Warmington, the Executive Council’s lone Democrat, and former Newmarket Town Councilor and restaurateur Jon Kiper are running for the Democratic nomination

.

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

What is a voting district and how do I know which one I’m in?

By Kylie Valluzzi-Granite State News Collaborative

As New Hampshire gears up for the 2024 state primary election, it's important for voters to understand what voting districts are, how they work, why they matter and which one they live in. 

What are voting districts?

Voting districts are geographical areas that divide the state into segments for the purpose of elections. They are designed to ensure that every citizen has equal representation in government. Each district elects representatives to various offices, from local government positions to federal roles, based on the population in that district.

“The basic idea is that the citizens of a particular geographic area, called a district, elect someone to represent their area,” said Dante Scala, a professor of political science at the University of New Hampshire and an expert in New Hampshire politics.

In New Hampshire, the major voting districts include:

  • Congressional Districts: Two districts for electing members to the U.S. House of Representatives.

  • State Senate Districts: 24 districts for electing state senators to the New Hampshire State Senate.

  • State House Districts: 400 districts for electing state representatives to the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

  • Executive Council Districts: Five districts for electing members to the New Hampshire Executive Council, a body that helps oversee the executive branch of the state government.

  • County Districts: Various districts for electing county officials like sheriffs, attorneys and commissioners.

Why do districts matter?

Voting districts play a crucial role in determining who represents individuals in government. The candidates available for voting depend on the district in which a person resides. A resident of Portsmouth, for example, may find different candidates on their ballot compared to someone living in Nashua. This system ensures that every area of the state is represented in government by officials who can understand and address the specific needs of their communities.

How are they drawn?

In New Hampshire, the legislature draws the district lines which then have to be approved by the governor.

When legislative or political bodies are responsible for drawing voting district lines, they often do so in a way that benefits the majority party at the time, said Scala. This process typically occurs after the national census, which happens every 10 years. 

“We do a census, we get a sense of the population, and then the districts are supposed to be divided roughly equally in terms of population,” Scala said. “But then how those lines are drawn is often up to the majority party in the legislature, which allows the majority party to draw the lines in a way that might give them an advantage.”

Offices on the ballot in 2024

In the 2024 state primary election, New Hampshire voters will be casting ballots for several key offices, including:

  • Governor: The state's top executive position.

  • U.S. House of Representatives: Representatives from New Hampshire's two congressional districts.

  • State Senate: All 24 Senate seats. 

  • State House of Representatives: All 400 House seats. 

  • Executive Council: All five Executive Council seats.

  • County Offices: Various county-level positions, such as county commissioner, county attorney and sheriff.

How voting districts impact the election

The voting district in which a person resides determines which candidates appear on their ballot. Here's how the major districts break down:

  • The 1st Congressional District  Includes parts of Rockingham, Hillsborough and Belknap counties, with major cities like Manchester, Portsmouth and Dover. The 2nd Congressional District: Covers Cheshire, Sullivan, Grafton and parts of Hillsborough, Merrimack and Belknap counties, including cities like Nashua, Concord and Keene. To find out which Congressional District you live in, click here

  • State Senate and House Districts: These districts cover specific parts of the state, determining which state lawmakers represent residents. For example, District 4 covers parts of Strafford County, including Dover, while District 23 covers parts of Rockingham County, including Exeter and Hampton. To find out which Senate district you’re in click here. To find out which House district you live in, click here.

  • Executive Council Districts: These districts determine who serves on the Executive Council, a body that approves state contracts and appointments. For instance, District 1 covers the northernmost part of the state, including Coos County and parts of Grafton County. To find out which Executive Council district you live in, click here.

  • County Districts: A resident’s county district affects who they can vote for in county-level positions like Sheriff and County Commissioner. These officials are responsible for local governance and law enforcement. To find out which county voting district you live in, click here.

Why does this matter for the upcoming election?

Understanding voting districts is essential for participating effectively in the 2024 election. Each district has its unique political landscape, and the outcomes in these districts can significantly impact both state and federal policies. By knowing their district, voters can ensure that their vote contributes to electing representatives who reflect their views and priorities.

New Hampshire voters can visit the Secretary of State’s website and fill out a sample ballot. Based on the resident’s political party affiliation and town or city of residence, the candidates will be different.

“On the sample ballot, you can see who's going to be on the ballot and what your choices are. The legislative body might decide what the district looks like, but state governments run elections, and oftentimes there's someone known as the Secretary of State. We have one in New Hampshire, and it's their job to actually run the elections on election day. So they're the ones who would create the ballots that people actually use to vote,” said Scala.

Voters can also view their voter information and find polling places here

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

What is a zoning board and what does it do?

By Gabriel Perry, The Laconia Daily Sun


The zoning board is one of the most important and most overlooked aspects of local governance in New Hampshire. Zoning boards must shoulder some of the burden of the state’s housing crisis, striking a balance between ensuring that a city or town zoning laws are taken into account while furthering development efforts. 

The zoning board, often called the zoning board of adjustment, is generally composed of citizen volunteers and meets regularly to consider zoning exceptions, variances and other items related to land use, construction or development of properties within the community.

Zoning board members may be elected or appointed, depending on the municipality, and must include five members, according to state law. Board members generally serve three-year terms, which are often staggered to ensure continuity on the board. Board members elect a chairperson on an annual basis.

Towns and cities generally enact zoning ordinances that, under state law, promote the general welfare of residents by preventing the congestion of streets, lessening the dangers of fire, providing adequate light and air, and preventing the overcrowding of land, among other items. 

Specifically, zoning ordinances generally regulate the height, number of stories and size of buildings; the size of building lots in each zone, and the percentage of those lots that may be occupied; requirements for open spaces; population density in each zone; and the use and location of buildings, structures and land for business, industrial and residential purposes. 

The zoning ordinance is usually written by members of the planning board, based on decisions made by city councils or voters on how the community should, or should not, develop. The zoning ordinance is subject to approval by the city council or by town voters. 

The zoning board hears appeals from official orders, requirements or decisions made by municipal officials and provides an avenue for variances and special exceptions as permissible within the zoning ordinance. For example, zoning regulations may allow only one house per building lot, or allow a certain number of apartments according to acreage and allowable housing density. However, for example, communities may allow construction of  accessory dwelling units on an individual’s property, based on what the zoning ordinance allows and subject to zoning board approval of a special exception.

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.

What is an absentee ballot and how do I use one?

By Rhianwen Watkins, Granite State News Collaborative

For many people, circumstances are such that they won’t be able to vote in person at the polls on Election Day.

Perhaps you are a college student and can’t make it back to your hometown to vote where you are registered. Perhaps you have a disability that requires you to cast your vote remotely. Or you’ll simply be out of town when votes are cast in person.

These cases, and many others, are reasons to use an absentee ballot, which is exactly the same as the ballot you would fill out at the polls, except you receive it ahead of time and deliver it by hand or by mail in time for it to be received on Election Day. 

How do I know if I qualify for an absentee ballot?

The first step is to find out if  you qualify to vote absentee. 

In addition to being out of town or having a disability or illness, other reasons that qualify are religious observances that prohibit you from voting in person, work obligations, having to care for an adult or child during the entire time that the polls are open, or confinement in a penal institution for conviction of a misdemeanor or awaiting trial.

You may also qualify if you are a member of the attorney general’s Address Confidentiality Program or protected by a domestic violence protective order, you also qualify.

If the National Weather Service has issued a blizzard, winter storm or ice storm warning in your town, and you feel uncomfortable traveling to the polls in those conditions, you may also request an absentee ballot.

How to obtain an absentee ballot

Once you have determined your eligibility, the next step is to make sure you are registered to vote. If not, you can register by mail, which can be done by contacting the clerk of the town or city where you live. You can search the contact info for your clerk via the New Hampshire secretary of state’s website.

Once you know you are registered, you must complete an absentee ballot application form, which is located on the bottom of the “Absentee Ballots” page on the secretary of state’s website. There are separate application forms for local and state elections.  The application must be filled out with either a No. 2 pencil or a pen. 

According to the nonprofit voter information website Citizens Count, If you are unable to read the application due to blindness or low vision, screen readers such as NVDA and JAWS are available and will read the contents of the document aloud to you.

After filling out the application, send it to your town or city clerk’s office. This can be done by mail, fax, email or you can deliver it by hand.

If your application is approved, you will receive a packet in the mail with a ballot as well as an “affidavit envelope” to keep your ballot sealed. 

To track the status of your application, you can search the voter information lookup on the secretary of state’s website to check whether the clerk received your request. You can also use this link to see when the absentee ballot was sent to you and, after you receive it and send in your ballot, you can track when the clerk receives your vote.

How to fill out and send in the absentee ballot

Once you receive the ballot in the mail, fill it out the same way you would at the polls. 

In addition to the ballot itself, you will also receive an “affidavit envelope.” Once you have filled out the ballot, place it inside the affidavit envelope and seal it. 

Then you must sign one of the two affidavits on the envelope - whichever applies to your situation. 

These will be either the “Physically Disabled” affidavit or the “Temporarily Absent” affidavit, for all other reasons besides disability. 

If you are disabled and need assistance with filling out your ballot, you may have someone help you, as long as they sign the affidavit envelope.

Once the ballot is inside the signed affidavit envelope, place it inside the return envelope.

Fill out the return envelope and either turn it in by hand to your town or city clerk’s office, or send it by mail with correct postage to the clerk’s office address. 

If you want to turn it in by hand but need someone to do it for you, they may do so as long as they meet the legal requirements of a “delivery agent” and bring a photo ID with them. 

According to Citizens Count, a legal “delivery agent” is typically a family member. However, if you reside in a nursing home or other care facility, a caregiver may qualify.


What is the timeline for all of this?

It is important to make sure you begin this process well ahead of the election, especially if you need to register beforehand.

 It may take some time following the submission of your absentee application form and to receive your ballot in the mail, so make sure you submit the application weeks ahead of time. 

If delivered by hand, absentee ballots must be received by 5 p.m. the day before Election Day. If mailed, they must be received by 5 p.m. on Election Day. But it never hurts to mail it in at least a few days early.

Casting your vote is your democratic right and responsibility, so make sure you plan ahead to make your vote count.

The Know Your Vote, youth voter guide  project was designed, reported and produced by student and young professional journalists from The Clock,The Concord Monitor, The Equinox, Granite State News Collaborative, Keene State College, The Laconia Daily Sun, The Monadnock Ledger-Transcript, Nashua Ink Link and The Presidency and the Press program at Franklin Pierce University. See the full guide at  www.collaborativenh.org/know-your-vote.